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The purpose of this paper is to develop a simple, rapid and accurate electroanalytical method for the determination of solvent orange 7 (SO-7), commercially used as a dye marker in fuel ethanol samples. SO-7 is oxidized in a mixture of Britton–Robinson buffer with N,N-dimethylformamide (1:1,v/v) at a glassy carbon electrode and presents a well-defined peak around +0.70V vs. Ag/AgCl, which can be monitored...
In order to examine the cause of occasional slagging problems, a dedicated 7-day sampling and data collection were carried out on two 300-MWe units of Mae Moh power plant owned by the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand. The properties of feed lignite varied from low (∼11% in ash) to medium (∼18% in ash) CaO content during the sampling period. The elemental content was measured for collected...
Within the computational methods used for the prediction of unburned carbon, coal combustion kinetics models, generally developed from the study of the real combustion process in experimental facilities, has the advantage to simulate the coal combustion process in a very realistic way. However, these models need the fluid and thermal behaviour in the boiler, which is usually obtained from simplified...
This work presents a comprehensive approach to estimate kinetic parameters when the involved reactions contain lumped chemical species. This approach is based on representing rate constants with a continuous probability distribution function. In particular, the beta function is used to estimate kinetic parameters in catalytic cracking reactions. Thus, several kinetic models for the catalytic process...
Activated carbon fibers were prepared by chemical activation of hemp fibers with phosphoric acid at different carbonization temperatures and impregnation ratios. Surface properties of the activated carbons fibers were significantly influenced by the activation temperature and the impregnation ratio. An increase of either of these parameters produced a high development of the porous structure of the...
Agglomeration of ash particles provides the desired porosity of the ash bed for adequate agent (steam and oxygen) flow and distribution, whereas excessive slagging inside the gasifier can cause channel burning, pressure drop problems or unstable operation, resulting in cut backs on gasifier load, which implies a direct loss in gas production. The ash flow temperature (AFT) is one property that specifically...
The effects of mineral diesel fuel, gas-to-liquid fuel, rapeseed methyl ester, neat soybean and neat rapeseed oil on injection, combustion, efficiency and pollutant emissions have been studied on a compression ignition heavy duty engine operated near full load and equipped with a combined exhaust gas aftertreatment system (oxidation catalyst, particle filter, selective catalytic NO x reduction)...
The effects of coal types with a wide range of volatile matter content including lignite, bituminous coal, and lean coal, as well as the effects of reaction temperature, coal particle size, the primary-zone stoichiometry (SR1) and reburning-zone stoichiometry (SR2), etc. on NO reduction efficiency were carried out systematically in an entrained flow reactor. The heterogeneous NO reduction mechanism...
Nanofilamentous carbon was grown on a carbon foam by catalytic chemical vapour deposition (CVD) using the decomposition of ethylene/hydrogen mixtures over Ni. The carbon foam was obtained from a coal by a two-stage thermal process, with the first stage taking place at a temperature within the plastic region of the precursor coal. The extent of porosity and the pore size of the foam were mainly influenced...
The objective of this study was to develop an engineering tool by which the combustion behavior of coals in coal-fired utility boilers can be predicted. We presented in this paper that computational fluid dynamic (CFD) codes can successfully predict performance of- and emission from- full-scale pulverized-coal utility boilers of various types, provided that the model parameters required for the simulation...
Mercury emissions from Chinese power stations are subject to large uncertainties because Hg speciation data have only been reported for a few stations. This communication presents an evaluation of predicted Hg removals at five Chinese plants based on reaction mechanisms developed and validated for the coals and gas cleaning conditions in the American utility industry. Whereas the reported speciation...
The aim of the present work was to evaluate the performance of a pulverized-coal-fired large-scale laboratory furnace with air staging. New data are reported for gas phase species concentration, temperature and particle burnout for two primary zone stoichiometric ratios, 1.15 (unstaged flame) and 0.95 (staged flame), other operating conditions being fixed. The results revealed that the reduction in...
The oxidation behavior of tire-derived fuel (TDF) char has recently been studied by several groups. In the present study, TDF char oxidation has been examined between 670 and 825K, at oxygen partial pressures ranging from 2 to 19.8kPa. The order of reaction with respect to oxygen varied with burnoff, and was in the range 0.72–0.86. The activation energy of reaction ranged with burnoff from 138 to...
The aliphatic and aromatic fractions of the extracts of ten street dust (SD) samples collected from eight cities covering a wide geographic area of Egypt were analyzed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and GC–MS to compare their hydrocarbon distributions. To identify their sources, the extracts of the possible source materials were also analyzed. The impact of SDs on...
A particle stochastic trajectory model for turbulence-particle reaction interactions is proposed and formulated in the present paper. This model provides the basis for a comprehensive model of pulverized coal combustion. It is applied to the simulation of gas-particle turbulent flow and combustion in a pulverized coal-fired swirl combustor. The results are compared with the measured test data and...
In this work, experiments have been performed to measure the detonation velocities and characteristic cell sizes in the dimethyl ether (DME) fuel–oxygen mixtures. Equilibrium calculation and detailed chemical kinetics modeling of the ZND structure of detonations are also carried out to investigate the detonation characteristics of DME. Detonation cell sizes estimated using a correlation model by Ng...
Thailand is well-endowed with renewable energy resources. In Thailand, rice husk, a by-product of the rice-milling process and one of the most potentially sustainable cultivated biomasses, has an annual energy equivalent of 6.6×10 7 GJ. Using rice husk alone, however, can be problematic, particularly if there is a deficit during the off-season. Coal, the most abundant fossil fuel, has thus...
In this paper, the preparation of lightweight aggregate (LWA) from rice husk ash (RHA) obtained from a biomass power plant was studied. As-received and ground RHAs were mixed with sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) and cured to obtain the hardened sodium silicate paste. The samples were then crushed and heated to form LWA. The LWA was tested for acid and base solubility and for disintegration in boiling...
The conversion of the esters included in refined cottonseed oil into hydrocarbon molecules compatible with petroleum diesel, which are named renewable diesel, has been studied at conventional hydrotreatment conditions. The vegetable oil was fed in mixture with desulphurized petroleum diesel to the hydrotreater containing a conventional CoMo/Al 2 O 3 hydrotreatment catalyst. Conversion...
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